England is the largest and most populous portion of the United Kingdom at 50,334 square miles. The UK includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The north of England is mountainous and the chief highlands are the Cumbrian Mountains in the northwest. The famous Lake District in the Cumbrians has England's highest points. Near England's southern coast are gently rolling hills and large plains. In the east and southeast, river estuaries lead to some of the larger commercial and industrial centers.
Little is known about the earliest inhabitants of England, but the remains of their monuments and the huge stone circles at Stonehenge are evidence of the developed culture of the prehistoric Britons. England's long history includes Roman conquest, invasions by the Germanic peoples, and invasions by the Vikings. The Medieval era began with the Norman-style political and military feudalism systems. The people endured a civil war, the Black Death, and the Dynastic wars.
The reign of the Tudors from 1485 until 1603 restored political order and the financial solvency of the crown. The Elizabethan age spawned great figures such as Shakespeare, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Walter Raleigh. A long conflict with Spain, growing partly out of commercial and maritime rivalry and partly out of religious differences, culminated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The 17th century saw England as more involved in world affairs and the 18th century was a time of transition in the growth of the British parliamentary system.